烯胺由含有α氢的(多为酮)与仲胺(多为哌啶、吗啉、四氢吡咯)缩水而成。烯胺是烯醇的氮类似物,当氮上还有氢时,则重排成更加稳定的亚胺,如果将氢取代成烷基则成为一个稳定的结构:
烯胺单纯的用作保护基远比前面三种方法少见,但是烯胺有其非常重要的应用意义:它不仅对羰基具有保护作用,还能使得羰基α上反应具有选择性。例如,酮羰基α位烷基化,采用碱/烷基卤 (如NaH / MeI)的条件,底物易于发生自身反应和多取代现象;利用烯胺则正好可以避免这些副反应。而且对于不对称的酮,在碱性条件下,取代基多的烯醇化负离子产物更加稳定,因此烷基化主要发生在取代基多的一侧,采用烯胺保护后,因为氮原子p电子和碳碳双键之间存在p-π共轭使两者共平面,这时少取代的烯胺异构体空间结构更稳定,所以烷基化主要发生在取代基少的一侧:
烯胺在酸处理下可再生得到羰基。
不对称酮羰基,采用哌啶烯胺保护后使得羰基α上反应具有与常规碱性条件下相反的反应活性,这在中有重要的意义。
烯胺的形成的形成与脱除典型操作如下:
应用举例1
Using a Dean-Stark apparatus, ethyl acetoacetate (6.4 mL, 50 mmol), pyrrolidine (21 mL,250 mmol) and pTsOH.H2O (480 mg, 2.5 mmol) were refluxed for16 h in toluene (130 mL). Evaporation of the mixture under reduced pressure, addition of diethyl ether (100 mL), filtration and evaporation of the organic phase under reduced pressure gave desired enamine (8.24 g, 90%) as a colorless oil. (J. M. Holland, M. Lewis, J. Org. Chem, 2003, 68, 747).
应用举例2
3 Naqueous hydrochloric acid (0.75 mL, 2.25 mmol) was added to enamine (80 mg,0.36 mmol) in THF (1 mL) at room temperature. After stirring for 22 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (2 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2*2 mL). Combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to produce the crude material. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (n-hexane/EtOAc, 2/1) to give pure lactone (53 mg) in 87% yield. (Y-J, Li, H-Y.H, Tetrahedron, 2011, 67, 927).
本文由
http://pf-e.cn 创作,除注明转载/出处外,均为本站原创,转载前请务必署名
最后编辑时间为: 2020-05-07 23:39 Thursday
官方招商
顶部按钮联系主管注册